Double Burden of Professional and Domestic Roles: Work-Family Conflict, Workload, and Job Stress as Predictors of Performance among Female Healthcare Workers in Hospitals

Rina Masruroh; Deri Prayudi; Aris Budiman; Winda Oktaviani; Dini Alviani

doi:10.59261/inkubis.v8i3.396

Authors

Rina Masruroh Universitas Kuningan
Deri Prayudi Universitas Kuningan
Aris Budiman Universitas Kuningan
Winda Oktaviani Universitas Kuningan
Dini Alviani Universitas Kuningan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.59261/inkubis.v8i3.396

Keywords:

Employee Performance, Women's Health Workers, Work-Family Conflict, Work Stress, Workload

Abstract

Background: Female healthcare workers in Indonesia face dual demands from professional and domestic roles, which may affect their work performance.

Objective: This study examines the simultaneous and partial effects of work-family conflict (WFC), workload, and work stress on the performance of female healthcare workers, drawing on Role Conflict Theory, Conservation of Resources Theory, and Job Demands-Resources Theory.

Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted among 130 female healthcare workers in hospitals in Kuningan Regency, West Java, selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using a seven-point Likert-scale questionnaire and analyzed using multiple linear regression.

Results: WFC and work stress had positive and significant effects on performance, with coefficients of 0.374 (p=0.014) and 0.146 (p=0.022), respectively. In contrast, workload had a negative and significant effect (B=−0.397; p=0.001) and was the strongest predictor based on its standardized coefficient (β=−0.298). Simultaneously, WFC, workload, and work stress significantly affected performance (F=22.687; p<0.001), explaining 35.1% of its variance (R²=0.351).

Conclusion: The findings indicate that work pressure does not uniformly impair performance in the collectivist Indonesian context. WFC and work stress may function as performance-enhancing factors when supported by adaptive and professional conditions, whereas workload remains a critical constraint requiring organizational intervention. These findings highlight the importance of culturally sensitive human resource policies that prioritize workload management while providing appropriate support for female healthcare workers.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Afandi, P. (2018). Concept & Indicator Human Resources Management for Management Research. Uin Suska Riau, 13(1).

Ari, H. O. (2025). Determining the Relationship Between Work Stress and Job Performance: A Cross‐Sectional Study Among Healthcare Workers. Journal of Nursing Management, 2025(1). https://doi.org/10.1155/jonm/5051149

Babapour, A.-R., Gahassab-Mozaffari, N., & Fathnezhad-Kazemi, A. (2022). Nurses’ job stress and its impact on quality of life and caring behaviors: a cross-sectional study. BMC Nursing, 21(1), 75. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-022-00852-y

Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Sanz-Vergel, A. (2023). Job Demands-Resources Theory: Ten Years Later. In Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior (Vol. 10). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-120920-053933

Barpanda, S., & Saraswathy, G. (2023). The Impact of Excessive Workload on Job Performance of Healthcare Workers during Pandemic: A Conceptual Mediation - Moderation Model. International Journal of Management and Applied Research, 10(1), 24–39. https://doi.org/10.18646/2056.101.23-002

Brzykcy, A. Z., Rönkkö, M., Boehm, S. A., & Goetz, T. M. (2024). Work–family conflict and strain: Revisiting theory, direction of causality, and longitudinal dynamism. Journal of Applied Psychology, 109(12), 1833–1860. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0001204

Budiasa, I. K. (2021). Beban Kerja dan Kinerja Sumber Daya Manusia. E-Book Edisi Pertama, Pena Persada, Indonesia. Jawa Tengah: CV. Pena Persada, (July).

Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.

Darzi, A., & Evans, T. (2016). The global shortage of health workers—an opportunity to transform care. In The Lancet (Vol. 388, Number 10060). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32235-8

Fan, P., Ye, L., Yang, S., Song, K., Zhang, H., & Guo, M. (2024). High conflict, high performance? A time-lagged study on work-family conflict and family support congruence and safety performance. Safety Science, 172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2023.106403

Ghazali, I. (2018). Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate dengan Program IBM SPSS 25.0. Universitas Diponegoro. Semarang.

Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of Conflict Between Work and Family Roles <sup/>. Academy of Management Review, 10(1), 76–88. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1985.4277352

Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203.

Hetrick, A. L., Haynes, N. J., Clark, M. A., & Sanders, K. N. (2023). The Theoretical and Empirical Utility of Dimension-Based Work–Family Conflict: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 109(7). https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000552

Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of Resources: A New Attempt at Conceptualizing Stress. American Psychologist, 44(3). https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513

Huang, X., Liu, Y., & Zhao, J. (2024). The Impacts of Work-Family Conflict and Corporate Innovation on Organizational Performance. Sage Open, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241247626

Kemenkes RI. (2020). Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 66 Tahun 2020 tentang Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja Tenaga Kesehatan. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia.

La Torre, G., Grima, D., Romano, F., & Polimeni, A. (2021). Perceived work ability and work-family conflict in healthcare workers: An observational study in a teaching hospital in Italy. Journal of Occupational Health, 63(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/1348-9585.12271

Mohr, D. C., Elnahal, S., Marks, M. L., Derickson, R., & Osatuke, K. (2025). Burnout Trends Among US Health Care Workers. JAMA Network Open, 8(4). https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.5954

OECD. (2024). Are working environments for healthcare workers improving? OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/2e227e65-en

Ratnaningsih, I. Z., Idris, M. A., & Yulita, Y. (2023). Testing spillover-crossover effects of work-family conflict and family-work conflict on Indonesian spouses. Cross Cultural & Strategic Management, 30(2), 197–218. https://doi.org/10.1108/CCSM-01-2022-0015

Seyle, H. (1975). Stress without distress. [Stress without distress.]. In Vie médicale au Canada français (Vol. 4, Number 8).

Sohal, A., Sharma, D., & Sharma, S. (2025). Work–family conflict: A systematic literature review and research agenda. European Management Journal. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2025.10.002

Sugiyono, Prof. Dr. (2023). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, Dan R&D.

Walton-Roberts, M. (2023). Global Health Worker Migration: Problems and Solutions. Elements in Global Development Studies.

Wang, J., Zhao, S., Tong, X., Wang, M., & Wang, Y. (2024). Work–family conflict among primary health workers during the <scp>COVID</scp> ‐19 pandemic: Its mediating role in the relationship between workload and job burnout. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 33(10), 3933–3942. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.17035

World Health Organization. (2016). Global strategy on human resources for health: Workforce 2030. WHO Press.

Yao, X., Wen, S., Song, Z., Wang, J., Shen, Y., & Huang, X. (2024). Work–family conflict categories and support strategies for married female nurses: a latent profile analysis. Frontiers in Public Health, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1324147

Yousef, C. C., Farooq, A., Amateau, G., Abu Esba, L. C., Burnett, K., & Alyas, O. A. (2024). The effect of job and personal demands and resources on healthcare workers’ wellbeing: A cross-sectional study. PLOS ONE, 19(5), e0303769. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0303769