Transformation of Mustahik towards Economic Independence: The Impact of BAZNAS Zakat Fund Distribution on Socio-Economic Welfare

Abstract

Background: Productive zakat represents a shift from consumptive charity toward empowerment-based development; however, its effectiveness in fostering sustainable mustahik economic independence remains debated. This study develops a multidimensional mustahik transformation framework that integrates the capability approach and maqāṣid al-sharīʿah, moving beyond income-based evaluations of productive zakat programs.

Objective: This study aims to analyze the transformation of mustahik toward economic independence through the distribution of productive zakat by the National Amil Zakat Agency (BAZNAS) during the 2020–2025 period from the perspective of Islamic socio-economic development.

Methods: This research employs a qualitative approach using an interpretivist-constructivist paradigm and a case study design focused on a productive zakat program based on microenterprise empowerment. Data were obtained through the analysis of institutional reports, program evaluations, and a synthesis of empirical literature related to productive zakat, economic assistance, and multidimensional welfare. Primary data were collected through in-depth interviews with 21 informants, including mustahik, program facilitators, and BAZNAS managers.

Results: The findings indicate that the transformation of mustahik occurs gradually and non-linearly and is strongly influenced by the quality of institutional assistance. Productive zakat has been shown to significantly increase mustahikincome; however, this improvement has not yet fully translated into sustainable structural economic independence. The findings further confirm that mentoring intensity, financial literacy, and business adaptive capacity are key determinants of successful mustahik transformation.

Conclusion: This study recommends strengthening an ecosystem-based zakat model, standardizing mentoring mechanisms, and implementing outcome-based program evaluations to enhance the effectiveness and sustainability of mustahik transformation.