Strategy to Increase BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Membership: Integration of TPB and AHP Approaches

Mansursyah Mansursyah; Nimmi Zulbainarni; Suhendi Suhendi

doi:10.59261/inkubis.v8i2.330

Authors

Mansursyah Sekolah Bisnis Institut Pertanian Bogor
Nimmi Zulbainarni Sekolah Bisnis Institut Pertanian Bogor
Suhendi Sekolah Bisnis Institut Pertanian Bogor

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.59261/inkubis.v8i2.330

Keywords:

AHP, BPJS Ketenagakerjaan, Collaborative Governance, SEM-PLS, TPB

Abstract

Background: Social security is a critical component of national social protection systems aimed at ensuring decent living standards. In Indonesia, BPJS Ketenagakerjaan administers five employment social security programs, yet its coverage remains at only 31.3% of the 144.64 million working population as of 2024, indicating a significant coverage gap particularly in the informal sector.

Objective: This research aims to formulate a strategy to increase BPJS Ketenagakerjaan membership by integrating individual behavioral perspectives and institutional support.

Methods: Using a mixed-methods approach, this study applies the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) analyzed through SEM-PLS to examine employee intentions, and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to determine policy priorities. The study involved 350 respondents from various employment segments across Indonesia.

Results: SEM-PLS results indicate that attitude (path coefficient 0.360) and perceived behavioral control/PBC (0.268) are the main determinants that significantly influence employee intention to participate, while subjective norms also showed significant albeit weaker influence (0.144). Trust and knowledge as moderating variables showed no significant moderating effect. AHP analysis identified that the government regulation criterion has the highest priority weight of 0.321. The strategic priorities are: (1) contribution subsidy from national/regional budgets (0.220), (2) strengthening mandatory membership regulation (0.213), (3) massive education and literacy (0.201), (4) national data integration (0.185), and (5) service digitalization (0.183).

Conclusion: The integration of TPB and AHP provides a comprehensive analytical framework that contributes to both behavioral understanding and policy formulation for increasing BPJS Ketenagakerjaan membership towards inclusive universal coverage.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T

Ajzen, I., Fishbein, M., Lohmann, S., & Albarracín, D. (2018). The influence of attitudes on behavior. The Handbook of Attitudes, Volume 1: Basic Principles, 197–255.

Ansell, C., & Gash, A. (2018). Collaborative platforms as a governance strategy. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 28(1), 16–32. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mux030

Badan Pusat Statistik. (2024). Sakernas Agustus 2024: Keadaan ketenagakerjaan di Indonesia. BPS.

Daely, E. S. C., Novia Ibrena, K., Fahira Nasution, N., Tsakila, & Pahlevi, H. (2025). Analysis of The Role of Bpjs Ketenagakerjaan In Improving The Welfare of Workers In Indonesia. Journal of Management, Entrepreneurship, Digital Business, and Innovation Studi, 1(1).

Destyawan, R. and M. P. (2026). Peran Literasi Ketenagakerjaan dalam Memperkuat Pengaruh Kepercayaan dan Reputasi Merek terhadap Minat Menjadi Peserta BPJS Ketenagakerjaan pada Pekerja Sektor Informal . JIBEMA: Jurnal Ilmu Bisnis, Ekonomi, Manajemen, Dan Akuntansi, 3(4), 1422–1437.

Dinda, R. (2025). Perceptions And Experiences Of Medan City Residents On BPJS Ketenagakerjaan: A Qualitative Inquiry. Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MULTIR), 1(1), 22–28.

Emerson, K., & Gerlak, A. K. (2014). Adaptation in Collaborative Governance Regimes. Environmental Management, 54(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-014-0334-7

Emerson, K., Nabatchi, T., & Balogh, S. (2012). An integrative framework for collaborative governance. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 22(1), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mur011

Freeman, R. E. (1984). Strategic management: A stokcholder approach. Pitman Boston, MA.

Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis.

Hartono, S., Hanan, S., & Purwanto, A. H. D. (2025). Understanding Non-Wage Workers Behavior Towards BPJS Employment Programs: A Boundedly Rational Planned Behavior Analysis. Indonesian Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship. https://doi.org/10.17358/ijbe.11.1.157

Icek, A. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 179–211.

ILO. (2020). World social protection report 2020–22. International Labour Organization.

ILO. (2021). Coverage extension strategies in ASEAN social security. International Labour Organization.

Mitchell, R. K., Agle, B. R., & Wood, D. J. (1997). Toward a theory of stakeholder identification and salience: Defining the principle of who and what really counts. Academy of Management Review, 22(4). https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.1997.9711022105

Ngo, Q. D., & Nguyen, Q. H. (2025). Activating Voluntary Social Insurance Participation in Vietnam’s Informal Sector: An Integrated Theoretical Framework Synthesising Planned Behaviour and Self-Determination Theories. SAGE Open, 15(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440251379753

Razavi, S. (2022). Making the Right to Social Security a Reality for All Workers. Indian Journal of Labour Economics, 65(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41027-022-00378-6

Saaty, T. L. (1980). The Analytic Hierarchy Process Mcgraw Hill, New York. Agricultural Economics Review, 70.

Schiffman, L. G. , and J. W. (2019). Consumer Behavior TWELFTH EDITION. Global Edition.

Tri, N. M., Hau, D. T., & Duyen, N. T. T. (2021). The role of social security in social progress in Vietnam. Linguistics and Culture Review, 5(S1). https://doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v5ns1.1311

World Bank. (2022). Social protection and jobs: Resilience through inclusion. The World Bank Group.